CRITICAL APPROACHES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Basic APPROACHES - Essay Example een from the scene that stresses on Emily’s status in being associated with training china painting which is viewed as done by the white collar class and privileged individuals. With time we see Emily’s monetary status fall apart creation her lose her regard with the grandiose in her group. This prompted a dream by individuals of her group in the general public as a result of the conviction that everybody can make an achievement of themselves yet their societal position despite everything remain regardless of what occurs. This is additionally observed from the way that Emily despite everything remained at her parents’ home to keep up her group and feel as a component of the class she was conceived in despite the fact that everything was not well despite the fact that she was not getting any more youthful. At the point when we break down her relationship with Homer she acknowledged to go out eat and wine with him however would not invest in him on account of his low class status. She just became companions with Homer to cause herself to appear to be respectful and not

Taylor vs. Bradstreet free essay sample

Edward Taylor’s â€Å"Huswifery† and Anne Bradstreet’s â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† both are written in Puritan plain style, anyway Edward Taylor’s â€Å"Huswifery† shows an increasingly strict message. These artists use punctuation and analogies to altogether depict the subject in which they were composing. â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† is a sonnet that depicts Anne Bradstreet’s considerations on her marriage. While Bradstreet expounds on her affection for her better half, Edward Taylor expounds in a roundabout way on his adoration for God in his sonnet, â€Å"Huswifery. Punctuation is a saying where a speaker tends to a lifeless thing, thought, or for this situation a missing individual. Taylor composed, â€Å"Make me they Loome at that point, weave in that this twine: And make thy Holy Spirit, Lord, winde plumes. † Taylor is tending to God by inquiring as to whether he could assist God with making his o wn Holy robe. Anne Bradstreet additionally addresses God by approaching Him to compensate her significant other for adoring her well by making him a player in the choose. We will compose a custom paper test on Taylor versus Bradstreet or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page She composes, â€Å"Thy love is such I can no chance reimburse. The sky reward thee complex, I pray,† (Bradstreet). Anne Bradstreet utilizes illustrations to contrast her affection with numerous things. Bradstreet remarks, â€Å"My love is with the end goal that waterways can't extinguish, nor should however adore from thee give reward. † She looks at her adoration to gold, implying that it is rich; afterward thinks about her affection to waterways, which means there are no limits. While Bradstreet utilizes various representations, Edward Taylor utilizes an any longer, engaging illustration, known as an arrogance. The pride thinks about Taylor’s ordinary activities and words to each fasten and spoole expected to sew together his Holy robe that permits him into the choose. He composes, â€Å"And make my Soule thy heavenly Spoole to honey bee. My Conversation make to be they Reele, and reele the yarn consequently spun of thy Wheele† (Taylor). Edward Taylor’s â€Å"Huswifery† delineates an increasingly strict message. Bradstreet establishes the connection that she just needs for her better half and herself to turn out to be a piece of the choose, with the goal that they can burn through all of forever together. Using an arrogance and punctuation, Taylor shows that he needs to carry on with his life for God. He realizes that each activity that he made and word that he expressed on Earth would decide if he would be a piece of the choose.

Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession free essay sample

The Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession Alonzo White ACC/340 August 14, 2011 Jennifer Coleman Question: Describe how data frameworks are changing the different parts of the bookkeeping calling. Incorporate a portrayal of an assortment of new advancements and their impacts on bookkeeping forms. Moreover, examine how these advancements have changed the manner in which bookkeeping is performed at your association or an association based on your personal preference. Answer: New innovation in data frameworks have purchased noteworthy changes in bookkeeping calling, practices and procedures. It has expanded the proficiency and exactness in bookkeeping and has accelerate the procedure for manual bookkeeping errands, yet in addition improved security of bookkeeping information and expanded straightforwardness. Enormous associations and multinationals are changing over to this new data frameworks and advancements to do their bookkeeping errands on worldwide premise. This data framework has prompted normalization not just among the various divisions, areas and workplaces of a solitary association, yet additionally on a worldwide premise. We will compose a custom article test on Impacts of Technology on the Accounting Profession or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Microsoft, Oracle for bookkeeping has significantly decreased the time taken to set up the budget reports and profited inspectors and bookkeepers to finish and present their announcements in convenient way. MIS revealing has been made conceivable by Information frameworks just to take opportune choices. Another finance the executives framework from organizations like Paychex has significantly improved finance bookkeeping and is an or more for bookkeepers taking care of enormous payrolls. The new framework permits bookkeepers to team up and blend their work with bookkeepers of a similar organization situated at various area. The new Sarbanes Oxley Act has been the aftereffect of expanded accessibility of value data frameworks, without which, it is unimaginable for the organizations to stay in consistence of these enactments. Let us take the case of a worldwide organization like IBM, whose workplaces are situated all through the world and bookkeeping is done at different areas, as indicated by nearby laws, customs and monetary standards predominant in the specific nations. Be that as it may, since IBM is a US based worldwide and the last planning of every one of these announcements will be as indicated by the GAAP standards and in US dollars, it is significant for worldwide organizations like IBM to keep up comparative bookkeeping practices and principles all over. Such huge scope organization of bookkeeping strategies and practices with worldwide principles is unimaginable without the new data frameworks and advances. With the utilization of these advancements, organizations like IBM have no concerns or dread in planning of bookkeeping explanations; finance related issues and the board data frameworks (MIS) issues as the procedures are normalized with the sending of standard bookkeeping and ERP bundles, for example, Oracle.

Policy issues affecting the police Essay

Much the same as some other office in the legislature, the police power is to a great extent affected by the strategy gives that the administration embraces. Be it new laws or techniques, they need to modify their tasks to fit what the approaches direct. The obligation of the police is to keep up lawfulness and in doing this they need to fuse approaches set by the legislature. As it will be appeared in this paper, these strategy issues may influence the exercises of the police power to such an extent that they may need to totally change their methods of tasks to fit the government’s prerequisites. Numerous strategies concerning police direct, human rights and police obligations are have been advanced in numerous discussions and meetings tending to national security. Investigation Unlike in the past where the police had a flat out force, a cop these days may get oneself being sued for infringement of human rights, for example, police mistreating or attack (Freund, 2006; Meadows, 2000). There are a few approaches that have been advanced adhering to amendment of a few laws which influence the police straightforwardly. Approach issues on human rights requiring explicit techniques of capture and treatment of suspects have been made. The fourth amendment has constrained police power particularly with the private law that shields residents from ridiculous hunts and seizures. This implies before a cop can look or hold onto private property, there must be a warrant which is given when the need to look through premises is vital to ensure security. Singular freedom and human rights shields residents from bogus detainment. The fourth amendment comes as a common risk to the cops which constrains their exercises since they need to focus on abstain from overstepping the law (Freund, 2006). This has influenced the police in that it has constrained their capacity to acquire however much data as could be expected concerning a wrongdoing. A few officials have additionally wound up in court over what can be alluded to as ambush during capture. Maybe one of the most present strategy gives that has influenced the police is the government’s hostile to fear mongering arrangement. A solid arrangement particularly after the 9-11 assaults on the U. S drew out the significance of the need to increase security to keep such assaults from occurring in future. The administration targets keeping the chance of any fear based oppressor assault which must include the police (Pleck, 2004). The contribution of the police power in the war against psychological oppression has prompted the requirement for all the more preparing on the cops on occurrence the executives and fear mongering knowledge. As the legislature noticed, the police power was not well prepared to deal with such extreme episodes thus the requirement for preparing on occurrence the board. Once more, there the need to create insight abilities to counter any type of dangers calls for appropriate preparing of the police. So as to guarantee that the necessities of this approach are met, the administration has presented extraordinary preparing plans for the police which they need to go to continue refreshing them on better aptitudes and knowledge on maintaining a strategic distance from psychological warfare assaults just as how on the best way to manage fear based oppression episodes if by any possibility they happen (Pleck, 2004). Network policing is an arrangement issue that has come up because of the requirement for the network to participate in their own security through announcing any dubious demonstration to the police. This is on the grounds that the network is at the best situation to recognize those that live among them (Palmiotto, 2000). The legislature necessitates that the cops work connected at the hip with the network in order to control wrongdoing exercises in the general public. The impact of this on the police is that there has been requirement for preparing to assist them with having the option to manage the network and help in distinguishing between potential peril and typical happenings (Palmiotto, 2000). The police have additionally been given the additional obligation of preparing and teaching individuals from the general population on the most proficient method to recognize potential dangers inside the network and how they can manage them related to the police. The people group policing generally centers around helpless gatherings, for example, youngsters and ladies who are probably going to be survivors of viciousness. Approach issues concerning assault have been advanced which has required for prepared pros to deal with assault calls just as collaboration between the police and clinical specialists to help in explaining such cases (Palmiotto, 2000). The administration advocates for headway in innovation for manageable turns of events. As an issue of national security, there has been the rising requirement for the police to update their innovation to meet the regularly expanding crime percentages. Innovation has been utilized by lawbreakers to take from various residents and this has raised an issue of concern. Digital violations, phishing and data fraud have been on the ascent. The issue with these sorts of wrongdoings is that getting the culprits can be very hard because of the headway in innovation that is utilized to lead the violations. Staying aware of these improvements represents a test to the police who need to think of further developed strategies to find digital cheats, programmers and character criminals. As a rule, the police are dependent upon the laws of arraignment and arrangement for equity. Approaches on the systems of indictment profoundly influence the police. For instance, the police are limited by law to possibly record an indictment when there is significant proof for the event of the wrongdoing. Various arrangements exist for various sort of indictments. The adolescent equity for instance has experienced numerous progressions and new strategies have come up following procedures from different cases. Adolescents have a wide scope of rights and confinement of an adolescent must be under genuine doubts of misconduct. Verification that is past sensible uncertainty should likewise be set up to guarantee that the adolescent guilty party represents a danger to the network (Rick, 2003). Arrangements on adolescents additionally necessitate that they be put under preventive confinement as indicated by the norms set by the law (Rick, 2003). This separates adolescent wrongdoers from grown-up ones. The police thusly should focus on such subtleties in order to take no chances of the law. It is likewise some portion of their obligations to act as indicated by the laws. End It is clear that the police’s exercises are profoundly affected by arrangement issues. The administration which likewise decides the standards of a nation continually thinks of approaches for national turn of events. These approaches may adjust a department’s exercises or increment its obligations relying upon how the arrangement issue is to be handled. It should likewise be noticed that separated from government approaches, each police division has its own strategies which manage the officials (Miller, 1997). These incorporate the code of morals that must be trailed by the particular officials. Rules on obligations lists, clothing standard and discipline for police wrongdoing inside the office are carefully followed. Overstepping of these laws may bring about genuine conditions and consequently the cops must tail them exactly. Word Count: 1179 References Freund, E. (2006). The Police Power, Public Policy and Constitutional Rights. New York: Callaghan and Company. Glades, R. J. (2000). A Study of Police Misconduct and Litigation: Findings and Implications. Diary of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 41(2), 77-92. Mill operator, S. et al. (1997). Police morals. London: Allen and Unwin, 1997. Palmiotto, M. (2000). Network policing: a policing technique for the 21st century. New York: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Pleck, E. (2004). Police in the battle against psychological warfare. American Journal of Police, 25(1), 38-45. Rick, A. (2003). Adolescent Justice. New York: Odhams Press.

Differences between the qualitative and the quantitative data 2111 Essay

Contrasts between the subjective and the quantitative information 2111 - Essay Example Subjective information then again, is the data that identifies with characteristics that is data that can't be estimated (Taylor, 2005). In this article, the contrasts among subjective and quantitative information will be inspected, just as, their upsides and downsides. Information that is assembled utilizing quantitative strategies yields progressively exact and target data in light of the fact that the data is gathered utilizing normalized techniques. This information can be recreated and dissected utilizing complex factual procedures (Creswell, 2014). Information accumulated utilizing subjective strategies, then again, doesn't require the utilization of measurable techniques to break down the information since it is progressively reasonable for developmental assessments. Summative assessments requires the utilization of quantitative measures so as to pass judgment on a definitive estimation of the venture. Subjective information manages portrayals where the information that is gathered can be watched, however not estimated. While quantitative information manages numbers where the information can be estimated (Goertz and Mahoney, 2012). This implies investigating subjective information is simpler on the grounds that the information is communicated in words and doesn't require any factual recipe to guarantee that the information gathered is exact like in quantitative information. Subsequently, it is simpler to gathered information utilizing subjective research for individuals doing sociologies as they break down the recognitions and perspectives on the individuals not at all like in quantitative information where there is measurable equations that requires the specialist to have an away from of what they are doing. Information quality and intricacy influences the time required for information assortment and investigation (Hartas, 2010). Albeit mechanical developments have played, a significant job in shortening the time required to process quantitative information. The time expected to assemble quantitative information is significant so as to pre-test and make questions, just as,

SIPA Graduation Speaker COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Graduation Speaker COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog General Brent Scowcroft, former National Security Advisor and SIPA Advisory Board member, will deliver SIPA’s 2009 graduation address on May 18. General Scowcroft served as National Security Advisor to Presidents Gerald Ford and George H.W. Bush. A graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, he earned his MA and Ph.D. in International Relations from Columbia University. As President and founder of The Scowcroft Group and one of the countrys leading experts on international policy, Brent Scowcroft provides Group clients with unparalleled strategic advice and assistance in dealing in the international arena.

World With So Much Technology - Free Essay Example

In a world with so much technology, its hard to imagine that there was once a time when people didnt have cell phones or computers. The company named Apple took the world by storm. It is now one of the biggest companies in the world. Steve Jobs life started out rough. He was born in San Francisco in 1955. His birth parents gave him up for adoption, as their parents didnt approve of their relationship. His adoptive father supported his love of electronics, what started as a hobby turned into a passion. He was always smart but never liked school. He graduated from high school and attended Reed College. He later dropped out. He traveled to India in 1974 to pursue spiritual enlightenment. He often experimented with psychedelic drugs. Apple started in his parents garage in 1976. Jobs began working on Apple Computer with Steve Wozniak- someone he grew close too while working at the video game company Atari. Jobs was a college dropout, and Wozniak had been expelled from the University of Colorado Boulder. Despite their lack of higher education, Wozniak invented the Apple I, while Jobs oversaw it. They sold the Apple I, but it didnt sell well. They soon after got funding to create a new computer. After creating the Apple II, they introduced it at the West Coast Computer Fair. It became a highly successful mass-produced microcomputer. It generated $3 million in sales in the first year alone. Apple was now a name known everywhere. Soon the success of the company started to plummet. The Apple III did not sell as well as expected. They soon created the Macintosh, but it did not sell either. He had creative differences with the other higher-ups at the company, and he was fired. He lost all privileges and sold his stock. Jobs wasnt just a businessman; his personal life was quite hectic. His girlfriend became pregnant and didnt know what to do. She had the baby and Jobs denied that it was his for years. He didnt get to know his daughter until she was already in elementary school. After his firing from Apple, Jobs used the money he had from his sold stock, and he started a new company in 1988. NeXT Computer Co. released a new computer, but due to its high price tag, it was highly unsuccessful. Jobs stopped focusing on his computers, and he started to pay more attention to Pixar. He purchased Pixar from George Lucas in 1986 but hadnt put a lot of effort into the company until now. Jobs wanted to be the first to create a totally computer-animated feature film. He signed a deal with Disney and began working on Toy Story. After Toy Storys success, Jobs officially put Pixar on the public stock market. The prices skyrocketed. Not long after his successful film release, NeXT Computer Co. was bought by Apple. Jobs was given a job there. He became an advisor to C.E.O. Gilbert Amelio, but he was soon fired when the company took a major financial loss. Jobs took back his old position as C.E.O. To keep the company afloat, Jobs made an agreement with Microsoft. They invested in Apples stock to give Apple some funding. After Jobs pulled Apple out of the water, the company was generally successful. They churned out new products, such as the iMac, iPod, and eventually the iPhone. In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He battled it for years. He resigned in 2011 and became a chairman of the board. He worked until he absolutely couldnt work any longer. The last day he worked was the day before he died. Steve Jobs was an influencer, a businessman, and an entrepreneur. There is no doubt that he started a revolution. His work is a big reason why everyone has home computers nowadays. He left behind an extraordinary legacy.

Anne Hutchinson Biography - 2556 Words

The reason I picked this topic is because I admire Anne Hutchinson and the history of her life and I strongly believe in the rights of the individual to freedom of thought, freedom of speech, and the freedom to worship. She is a real hero because she faced adversity but she refused to betray her ideals or ethics no matter what the cost was. Anne Hutchinson, was born Anne Marbury, in Alford, Lincolnshire, England, in July, 1591, the daughter of Bridget Dryden and Francis Marbury, a deacon at Christ Church, Cambridge. She was the second of 13 children. For years everyone in England had been Catholic. Then, almost 100 years before Anne was born, King Henry VIII of England, the leader at the time, left the†¦show more content†¦Anne Hutchinsons only sin was being able to think for herself in an age when women were considered to be nothing more than servants for their husbands, meant to bring as many children as they could into the world, and raise them. These were rules strictly enforced by the Puritans, who, in accordance to the teachings of the Old Testament of the Bible, viewed women as morally feeble creatures, who like Eve before them would no doubt lead men to damnation if allowed to form an opinion or express a thought. Women were considered inferior beings, with inferior minds, and would therefore need to be governed by men, who after all, had been created in Gods image. It is Ironic to think that Anne Hutchinson so embraced a faith that made her out to be nothing more than a slave. Anne kept quiet during most of her days at the colony, but not nearly quiet enough. Feeling the need to discuss matters of the faith, Anne started a womans club which would congregate in her home to discuss the Scriptures, pray and review sermons, but this was also the perfect forum for Anne to voice her opinions, which generated a fair amount or interest amongst both the men and women of the community, who would come in greater numbers each week to hear her speak. Even magistrates and scholars took an interest in what she had to say. The assertive Anne was now becoming a religious leader to many, and this worried John Winthrop, a long timeShow MoreRelatedEssay about Anne Hutchinson Biography2516 Words   |  11 Pages The reason I picked this topic is because I admire Anne Hutchinson and the history of her life and I strongly believe in the rights of the individual to freedom of thought, freedom of speech, and the freedom to worship. She is a real hero because she faced adversity but she refused to betray her ideals or ethics no matter what the cost was. Anne Hutchinson, was born Anne Marbury, in Alford, Lincolnshire, England, in July, 1591, the daughter of Bridget Dryden and Francis Marbury, a deaconRead MoreEssay Biography of Anne Hutchinson3752 Words   |  16 Pages Anne Hutchinson has long been seen as a strong religious dissenter who paved the way for religious freedom in the strictly Puritan environment of New England. Another interpretation of the controversy surrounding Anne Hutchinson asserts that she was simply a loving wife and mother whose charisma and personal ideas were misconstrued to be a radical religious movement. Since this alleged religious movement was led by a woman, it was quickly dealt with by the Puritan fathers as a real threat. WhateverRead MoreThe Silencing of Mary Dyer778 Words   |  3 Pagesimmigrated to Massachusetts. After William became a fee man of the Bay colony, he became involved with a lot of public relations and soon had a lot of importance among the people. (Notable Women Ancestors) Anne Hutchinson and Mary Dyer were friends. Mary and her husband supported Anne in the antinomian controversy, which was â€Å"One of the most enduring myths in American history is the belief that the Puritans fled to America in search of religious liberty. Unfortunately, this belief is atRead MoreThe Importance Of Computers In Education874 Words   |  4 Pagesand focus skills by having the class work in their mixed ability groups to identify colonies and Native American nations on a map and finding the main idea and supporting details for a paragraph about Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. We will read the biography of Anne Hutchinson (p.185) and have whole class discussion. As we read the Life in New England section, I will make a two-column chart for students to Think-Pair-Share with a partner about. I will end class with a quick review, hand out aRead MoreEssay on American Colonization1660 Words   |  7 Pagesposition was not at all Protestant, the resultant schism ultimately led to England distancing itself almost entirely from Rome. Many people moved out of their comfortable homes in England to start a new life in the New World with religious freedom. Anne Hutchnison left her comfortable home in England, with her husband and children, to settle in Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony in search for religious freedom for all peoples. However, Religious toleration was still limited and controlled by theRead MoreAn Analysis of Anne Bradstreets The Prologue Essay1719 Words   |  7 PagesAnne Bradstreets poem, The Prologue, portrays the struggles of being a woman in a Puritan society. She realized that in a Puritan society, women were not meant to speak their mind and have strong opinions. With this poem she acknowledges her role as a woman in society even if she doesnt agree with it. Anne Bradstreet shows her recognition of mens supposed superiority in that time period with this line: Men can do best, and women know it well (40). Regardless of her acknowledgment of herRead More Anne Bradstreet as First American Feminist Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesAnne Bradstreet as First American Feminist Feminism today remains prominent because even while women’s rights are very strong, women are still fighting for equality every day. In the time of Anne Bradstreet, women had few rights and they were seen as inferior to men. Anne lived among the puritans whom ruled her everyday life. Although it was against the puritan code for women to receive an education, Bradstreet’s father, Thomas Dudley, loved his daughter dearly and made sure that she wasRead MoreJudy Chicago Dinner Party Essay6539 Words   |  27 PagesMarcella, the fourth-century Roman founder of numerous convents, and ends with the Flemish intellectual Anna van Schurman. In between are Saint Bridget, Theodora, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Christine de Pisan, and Queen Elizabeth I, among others. Anne Hutchinson opens the third wing, which brings womens history up to the present with the last place setting, symbolizing Georgia OKeeffe, the only then living woman represented at the table. In contrast to those of the first wing, most of the women of theRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 PagesAmerican colonists seeking foreign markets for their exports? (10pts) 4. Write your definition of democracy. The use this definition to create a T-chart to analyze the validity of democracy developing in colonial America Pocahontas Anne Hutchinson Benjamin Franklin Royal veto John Rolfe Roger Williams George Whitefield Lord Baltimore William Bradford John Peter Zenger Virtual representation Walter Raleigh John Winthrop Paxton boys James Oglethorpe Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesto ideas that are developed within the chapter. The chapter so far These are provided at key points in the chapter. They provide the reader with a summary of the issues that have been covered in the chapter and a link with the next part. Biography These are designed to provide a brief intellectual history of key figures in organization theory. They provide an indication of the ways in which different theorists . xvi Preface developed their understanding of organization and social

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Essay on Huck Finn - 941 Words

Huckleberry Finn nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the greatest, most daring novels in the world. Mark Twain’s style helps to realistically portray early America. Mark Twain tells the story through the voice of Huck, the very kindhearted main character. Everything that Huck says reflects the racism and black stereotypes typical of the era. This has lead to many conflicts from readers since the novel was first printed. However, the story has inspired some. James W. Tuttleton says in an article he wrote that â€Å"Huck Finn is regularly denounced as racist trash† (The San Francisco Chronicle [1885] 6) . Yet, again to oppose that is a quote by a reader, â€Å"Anyone who is†¦show more content†¦If the author wished-for the story to be racist, he would not write about the way Huck felt towards Jim. â€Å"He [Twain] tried to evince the beauty of Huck and Jims friendship by sealing it in flawed and humble English.† ( Race Traitor [D’A ndrea 1992]). It is seen some throughout the book that Huck sees Jim as a white man. Huck tells the reader this when he realizes that Jim misses his own family and children, â€Å"I do believe he cared just as much for his people as white folks does for their’n† (150). Any words that seem to humiliate African-Americans is simply a casual use of Southern slang and not purposeful. Huck talks the way he was taught according to the culture then to stylize a specific behavior toward black slaves. However, his feelings toward Jim throughout the novel has taught Huck to conquer certain stereotypes, such as black stupidity and apathy. Huckleberry still 3 believes Jim to be inappropriate and stubborn at times, as in their exchange over the Biblical story of King Solomon and the French language. Huck doesn’t tell Jim but says to the reader,â€Å" If he got a notion in his head once, there warn’t no getting it out again†¦I see it warn’t no use wasting words – you can’t learn a nigger to argue† (76-79). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Twain uses his main character, Huckleberry Finn, to convey his literary style and therefore makes it important to think about thisShow MoreRelatedHuck Finn1657 Words   |  7 Pageswished I was dead (221). Mark Twains, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a tale about a boy in search for a family and a place he can truly call home. Through his adventure, he rids himself of a father that is deemed despicable by society, and he gains a father that society hasnt even deemed as a man. This lonely and depressed young boy only finds true happiness when he is befriended with a slave named Jim. Although Huck Finn was born and raised into a racially oppressive society, it is throughRead MoreEssay on Huck Finn822 Words   |  4 Pages Huck Finns relationship with slavery is very complex and often contradictory. He has been brought up to accept slavery. He can think of no worse crime than helping to free a slave. Despite this, he finds himself on the run with Jim, a runaway slave, and doing everything in his power to protect him. Huck Finn grew up around slavery. His father is a violent racist, who launches into tirades at the idea of free blacks roaming around the countryside. Miss Watson owns slaves, including Jim, so thatRead More Huck Finn Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesHuck Finn I recently read the book Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. This story deals Mainly with a lost boy escaping his harsh existence, and a slave trying to reach freedom. During the course of this book, the slave Jim, and the Boy Huck Bond with each other. I enjoyed this book immensely for a couple different reasons. While I liked the story, and the plot kept me interested, the real reason I found myself enjoying this book so much, was Mark Twain’s use of the underlying theme of racismRead More Huck Finn Essay568 Words   |  3 Pagesuses his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, to explore and makes fun of many problems facing American society. Huck, the main character, is considered a boy who is under pressure to conform to the aspects of society. Jim, who comes along with Huck, is a runaway slave seeking freedom from the world that has been denied it to him for so long. Throughout the entire novel Twain uses satire to show problems with society. Early in the novel, Huck scampers away with his good friend Tom and hisRead More Huck Finn Essay900 Words   |  4 Pages Tim Lively Critical Analysis: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Setting: Late 1800’s along the Mississippi River Plot: When the book begins, the main character, Huck Finn possesses a large sum of money. This causes his delinquent lifestyle to change drastically. Huck gets an education, and a home to live in with a caring elderly woman (the widow). One would think that Huck would be satisfied. Well, he wasn’t. He wanted his own lifestyle back. Huck’s drunkard father (pap), who had previouslyRead MoreHuck Finn Essay1835 Words   |  8 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain By Brenda Tarin British Literature 2323 Lois Flanagan January 27, 2009 Tarin ii I. Introduction II. Biographical sketch of author A. Past to present B. Experiences and achievements III Plot analysis A. analysis of plot structure 1. Exposition 2. Complication 3. Crisis 4. Climax 5. Resolution B. Theme of plot IVRead MoreRacism In Huck Finn1867 Words   |  8 PagesIn The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the main character Huck encounters many racist people and ideas. As Huck goes on his adventure, he learns about society, it’s people and it’s beliefs. He then has to take what he has learned about society’s people which includes slaves, and decide if society’s beliefs are correct or incorrect. Throughout the novel, he sees how assimilated the people are with the racist ideas of society. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain uses satire to suggestRead MoreEssay on Huck Finn2499 Words   |  10 Pages Throughout the Mark Twain (a.k.a. Samuel Clemens) novel, The Adventures of HuckleBerry Finn, a plain and striking point of view is expressed by the author. His point of view is that of a cynic; he looks upon civilized man as a merciless, cowardly, hypocritical savage, without want of change, nor ability to effect such change. Thus, one of Mark Twains main purposes in producing this work seems clear: he wishes to bring to attention some of mans often concealed shortcomings. While the examplesRead MoreArgumentative Essay Huck Finn958 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Argumentative Essay: Should The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn be taught in school? Daniel Perez Period 1 10/30/14 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel based on the journey Huck, a young boy with an abusive father, and Jim, a runaway slave, have down the Mississippi River to Free states for an end goal of freedom. Freedom means different things to both of them, to Huck freedom means to be able to do what he wants and not be â€Å"sivilized†, while Jim’s definition of freedom isRead More Racism In Huck Finn Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesHuckleberry Finn. Huck was not raised in accord with the accepted ways of civilization. Huck faces many aspects of society, which makes him choose his own individuality over civilization. He practically raises himself, relying on instinct to guide him through life. As portrayed several times in the novel, Huck chooses to follow his innate sense of right, yet he does not realize that his own instincts are more moral than those of society. From the very beginning of Hucks story, Huck without a doubt

Essay about Why Dualism is Rejected by Science - 1549 Words

Throughout history there has been many different theory’s that have been presented, in numerous fashions. From psychology’s inception there has been attempts to answer many different questions, how much of our animal heritage exists, are humans basically good, is human nature neither good nor bad, do humans possess free will, is psychology really a science? There has been a persistent question throughout the ages, how are the mind and body related? This question of if there truly is a mind, and if there is, how is it linked to the body has been the center of many debates since the beginning of psychology. Every psychologist in history has at some point dealt with the question â€Å"How are the mind and body related†, and each had their own†¦show more content†¦Monists attempt to explain everything in terms of a singular type of reality. The solution for materialists and monists is there is one type of reality, and that is matter, and everything derives f rom that. There are other psychologist that does not believe in the extreme nature of a singular type of reality. They believe that even the physical world consists of ideas. These individuals are idealists, and in like manner, are considered monists like the materialist. They are considered monists because they attempt to explain everything in terms of consciousness. Idealism a group of personages which proclaim that reality, as we know and can comprehend it, is underlying mental, and therefore, is also fabricated on a mental basis. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas, especially beliefs and values shape society as we know it. However, there are still many other psychologists that, except that there is an existence of two types of events, both physical and mental. They speculate that physical and mental events are governed by different principles. The individuals that believe there are two types of existence go by the name of dualist. â€Å"The dualist believes that there are physical events and mental events. Once it is assumed that both a physical and a mental realm exist, the questions becomes how the two are related (Hergenhahn, pg. 18)†. Human beings are material objects, made up of matter like materialist suggest, and based onShow MoreRelatedPure Theory of Law1618 Words   |  7 Pagesdomain of law from what earlier philosophers have construed in the form of natural and ideal one. In marking off the law from nature, the Pure Theory of Law seeks the boundary between the natural and the idea1.12 Legal science belongs not to the natural sciences, but to the human sciences. One can argue over whether the opposition between the natural and the ideal coincides with the opposition between natural reality and value, between is and ought, between causal law and norm, or whether the realmRead MoreThe Strengths and Weaknesses of Dualism4580 Words   |  19 PagesDualism is the belief that reality consists of two different, separate substances: that of the mental and that of the physical. In philosophy of mind, the belief that the mental and physical are deeply different in kind: thus the mental is at least not identical with the physical. It directly opposes materialism, as dualism dictates that the mind is unidentifiable to the body, as opposed to stating that the mind and body exist as one. The concept of dualism is not only fundamental in philosophyRead MoreSimilarities Between Galen, Paracelsus, Spinoza, And The Modern Medical World917 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent in a way wh ere he used more of a hands-on approach when it came to his work. 5. Descartes. Rene Descartes was one of the key figures during the Scientific Revolution. He believed in the concept of mind over matter which was called Cartesian Dualism. Descartes emphasized more of a mathematical side of things. 6. Scientific Method. The scientific method was first started by Francis Bacon. The method was one of the most important ideas in the scientific fields. The scientific method is still usedRead More Weaknesses of Descartes Arguments Essays1641 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough science. The mind was capable of free will, which has a religious connotation in that it denotes that a higher force, or God, is not controlling the minds of humans but then their minds are in control of their bodies. Then, the body was a scientific vessel that was inhabited by the Soul, or the mind, for a temporary amount of time. Apparently, the mind could not be explained through science but rather religion whereas the body could only be explained and studied through science and notRead MoreDescartes And The Mind Body Dualism2479 Words   |  10 Pages â€Å"The mind-body dualism, in philosophy, is the fact that any theory that the mind and body are distinct kinds of substances or natures. This position implies that mind and body not only differ in meaning, but refer to different kinds of entities (Britannica).† The most basic form of dualism is substance dualism. Substance dualism is the idea that he mind and body are composed of two ontologically distinct substances. According to one who believes and studies dualism, the mind is comprised of aRead MoreGreek Philosophy And The Greek Creation1593 Words   |  7 Pagescentury and continued throughout the Hellenistic era. It focused on the role of reason and inquiry. The Greeks believed in the rational reason that the world is like it is. What is the world made of? What is the ultimate substance of reality? This is why they were classified as â€Å"thinkers†. Greek philosophers were great thinkers who were determined to seek out the validity behind a certain subject. The Ancient Greek philosophical tradition broke away from a mythological approach that used Greek heroesRead MoreA Solution to the Mind-Body Problem2685 Words   |  11 Pagesmind-body problem into two major schools of thought: monism and dualism. Monists hold that only one type of substance, mind or matter, compose existence (Wiltshire). The idealism theory supports monist perspectives by claiming the mind is the only substance responsible for existence and perception of reality. Functionalism and the identity theory are monist theories that focus on matter being the sole entity for existence. The dualism school of thought approaches the mind-body problem by acceptingRead MoreDifference in the Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle and Their Influence.1213 Words   |  5 Pagesthan being reminded of. He believed that to understand something completely, one needed to have direct experience with it through observing the natural world: One doesn’t need to venture to another worl d or realm to gain knowledge. Thus, Aristotle rejected Plato’s Theory of Forms (IEP). For Aristotle, the ‘forms’ Plato referred to existed within the imperfect things themselves, rather than existing in some other world. Aristotle’s Theory of Knowledge was grounded on his firm belief in logic and demandedRead MoreSimilarities Between Gnostic And The Doctrine Of The Bible1717 Words   |  7 PagesLike many of Basilides’ Gnostic contemporaries, he too rejected the Orthodox doctrine of the carnal resurrection and that the spirit was only worthy of salvation while the flesh was worthless. Many church fathers used the Gnostic stance on the resurrection as proof that Basilides was a libertine but judging from the evidence provided by our favorite heresy hunters, he very much was a strict ascetic, which disproves their own assertions. Despite Basilides being an ascetic, we do know that he did haveRead MoreDescartes Res Cogitans, Res Extensa, God2932 Words   |  12 Pagesarise from a source outside of himself, since such sensations dont depend on his will. However, he might have a faculty that is the source of seemingly external sensations and not know it. We must be careful when thinking about Descartes famous dualism of mind and body; that is, the thesis that mind and body are different, and thus ideally separable, substances. In the Latin text of the Meditations, Descartes uses different words for body in the general sense of extended entities, and for body in

On the Relationship between Writing and Thinking Free Essays

Stephen King’s On Writing serves as a memoir and a writing instructional book which provides King’s views regarding the relationship between writing and thinking through the discussion of the intrinsic rewards involved in the process of writing a text as well as the skills that one must master in order to become an effective writer. In line with this, what follows is a discussion of King’s thoughts regarding the relationship between writing and thinking in relation to creation of literary texts. According to King, writing is a product of intrinsic interests toward the act itself. We will write a custom essay sample on On the Relationship between Writing and Thinking or any similar topic only for you Order Now He states, â€Å"I never set a single word down on paper with the thought of being paid for it†¦I have written because it fulfilled me†¦I did it for the buzz. I did it for the pure joy of the thing† (King 248-9). Within this context, one might note that King perceived the writing process as a form of spiritual union with the self in the sense that it enables the individual to gain fulfillment and hence to a certain extent further knowledge and mastery of his self. The mastery of the self is achieved during the process of mastering the art of writing. Such an art however may only be mastered if the individual possesses the fundamental skills necessary in the process of writing a text. These skills are laid down by King by using the metaphor of a toolbox. He lays out a three-level expanding toolbox that his grandfather used during his childhood (King 21-55). On the top level of the toolbox are vocabulary and grammar which serve as the rudimentary tools that an individual ought to master before mastering creative writing. He states, â€Å"good writing consists of mastering the fundamentals† (King 144). King claims, that these tools are absorbed at a very young age and hence the initial tools for creative writing necessitates that an individual possesses good background knowledge and mastery of these rudimentary aspects. The second layer of King’s toolbox contains writing style and structure. He argues that once an individual has mastery of both vocabulary and grammar, it is possible for him to develop his own writing style as well as create his own structural style. This style however must continuously be developed through an individual’s continuous immersion on the various developments within the different genres of literature. The last level of King’s toolbox contains the act of writing itself. He claims, â€Å"if you want to be a writer, you must do two things above all others: read a lot and write a lot. There’s no way around these two things that I am aware of, no shortcuts†¦There is a learning process going on† (King 145). Within this context, creative writing for King may be understood as the process of mastering and enjoying the writing process. King himself notes that â€Å"the skill necessary for creative writing comes from years of practice; the art comes from a creative imagination which is working hard and having fun† (King 195). The relationship between thinking and writing, for King, may thereby be seen as involving the process of mastering one’s craft through the continuous development and exercise of a creative mind. Such an exercise however does not imply that the writer ought to be fully absorbed in the literary world; it also requires the writer’s recognition and observation of the events that occur within both the private and public spheres of life. King notes that the relationship between the act of writing and thinking involves a contact between the author’s mind and the mind of the reader (106-7). Such a contact may only be achieved through the writer’s awareness of the events in world since like the characters and events within a literary text, a writer’s audience and the events surrounding his audience is continuously changing. King presents examples of how these observations have affected his works. He states, These deep interests†¦include how difficult it is†¦to close Pandora’s technobox once it’s open†¦; the question of why, if there is a God, such terrible things happen†¦; the thin line between reality and fantasy†¦;and most of all, the terrible attraction violence sometimes has for fundamentally good people. King 207) .In a sense, one might state that creative writing enables an individual’s discovery and knowledge of his self as it enables the individual to grapple with the fundamental issues involved in existence such as the morality of an action, the existence of moral standards, as well as other existential issues which a writer’s audience may either choose to confront or forget. Within the context of King’s explanation of creative writing as well as his explanation of the relationship between the author and the reader, it is possible to posit a view of literature as a chronicle of life. Literature serves as a chronicle of life not in the usual sense that it presents the history of an individual or the history of a nation but in the sense that it presents humanity’s continuous discovery of its existence as well humanity’s continuous discovery of its skills. The discovery of its existence is enabled through the additional views presented by literary texts regarding the sorrows, joys, and enigmas involved in human life and the discovery of the its skills is enabled through the additional styles that have developed in the various literary texts that have been published throughout the years. How to cite On the Relationship between Writing and Thinking, Papers

Japanese Keiretsu free essay sample

Examines the management success of the keiretsu and the business it is applied to. Summarizes the challenges facing Japanese industry in the near future. Includes three pages of tables and figures. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Following the 1994 downturn in the Japanese economy, the Japanese kereitsu are facing hard times. However, those economic analysts and members of the news media who are tempted to write them off as dinosaurs are making a mistake. There are many observers who feel that the keiretsu are more viable than ever, and there is much research that confirms this point. This article looks at some of the current research concerning the management success of kereitsu as well as some of the modern industries that this uniquely Japanese system of business organization is being applied to. Rather than dealing exclusively with the auto industry, this report looks at a number of concepts all based on the thinking of the relatively new discipline of Economic Sociology. We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese Keiretsu or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A summary of challenges for

Amicis East Coast Pizzeria

Question: Discuss about the Amicis East Coast Pizzeria. Answer: Introduction Amicis East Coast Pizzeria started in the year 1987 and was founded by Cooperstein and Mike Forter. The company serves East Coast style thin-crusted pizza that has homemade sauce, a high-quality cheese from the Wisconsin as well as artisan topping. The organization began at San Mateo with just a wooden burning ovens and a thin crusted East coast style pizza. Over the years the company grew from East Coast to West Coast where the chain grew to twelve in San Francisco Bay region over a period of twenty-three years. In the year 2001 the company was regarded as the number one independent pizza chain in the US, and by the year 2011, the revenues had significantly grown to thirty-two million dollars having over three hundred employees. Comparison to other pizza chains the organization had been ranked position 70 nationally. In this case study analysis, it aims to examine some question. The first question is to explain on Amicis business model. Secondly, what are the drivers that have been employed in this organization to make it successful based on the 7-s model. Lastly, it will explore on the strategy for the growth that could be used by Amicis moving forward. Amicis business model The business models is essentially a strategy that is employed by Amici's company to use in generation of revenue from the products or perhaps the services they are offering. Amacis company uses some strategy to generate the most profit. The model they have used helps to determine the sales and the marketing strategies of the company during branding, pricing and sales channels. One of the strategies that the firm uses is to promote dine in service in their comfort and well-appointed restaurant that account for forty percent of their sales; they support delivery service about 50 percent of the sales and some takeout business that accounts for ten percent of the sales. This strategy has enabled the company to become number one in ranking regarding Pizza today on top one hundred free lists for four consecutive years. The company has differentiated on their products based on the quality and services. Their business model was scalable, as long as their business grew in a manner that is qu iet but steady to ensure the high quality would help them distinguish their restaurant could be maintained. Additionally for strategy growth the company has embarked on charity to enable the children from low-income families to go to the Summer Camp. This has allowed the average families income to experience on the summer camp to gain exposure to life-changing the power of a field. Through this, the company has provided more than 1500 summer experiences with the partner camps to children who have limited access to the recreational activities. Drivers of Amicis success using 7-s model The use of this model is based on a theory for an organization to perform well. The seven elements need to be aligned and mutually reinforced. This model ensures that the team works efficiently and reach the desired endpoint. The first driver for the success of the organization is the strategy. Amicis company strategy is aligned to provide high-quality product and services through differentiating on their product with the right team. The largest pizza they have is more than three dollars than the competitors but the high quality is what the consumers were looking for, and they have done this over the years. Shared value is the second driver for the company. The shared value for the company has been the development of a brand that is within the community transplanted East Coasters through careful and steady growth. The third driver is the system driver that is used by the company. The company employs triple threat operation system in the organization. This entails delivery, dine in and take out for the customer. [3]The next driver is the structure of the organization. The company has grown to 12 chains in San Francisco Bay Area over 23 years. The structure of the company is to open chains in both East and West Coast. The chain of command comes from the management, and the decision is laid from the top to bottom to the junior employees. The style of leadership that has been seen in the company is decentralized. The employees make their decision based on the best quality of product, which is expected by the owners. The owners allow employ to make their decision but should be aligned with their values and mission that is pegged on quality, service and a steady and gradual growth of the company. The skills and the competencies that are exhibited by the employees are top notch. The employs aim to offer the best quality of products as well as services than the competitor's company to enable the employs to come again. The strategy for growth to suggest for Amicis moving forward Amicis general approach could be the cost leadership. This involves minimization of the costs to produce products at low prices. In the event, the price is lower the company will offer relatively cheaper products as a comparison to the competitors. Moreover, a broader diversification as the secondary generic strategy would be much useful. This would involve further developing new products that are distinct from the competitors. The organization should use the broad differentiation strategy as a way to move forward. Bibliography Cunningham, Lawrence A, Torkell T Eide, and Patrick Hargreaves, Quality Investing, 1st edn, 2016. Hader, Richard, "Strategies for Profitable Growth", Nursing Management (Springhouse), 39 (2008), 22-26 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.numa.0000335254.31413.f0 Naeem, Zafar, Jack Fuchs, and Victoria Chang, "Amici's East Coast Pizzeria", California Management Review, 55 (2013), 153-165 https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2013.55.3.153 Sheehan, Norman T., "Pizza, Pizza, Pizza: A Competitive Strategy Exercise", Organization Management Journal, 11 (2014), 40-46 https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2014.897928

Music Chapter 25 Flashcard

Music: Chapter 25

Pasteboard Mask

Pasteboard Mask Pasteboard Mask Essay Throughout my life, I have made most of my decisions and performed certain acts based on how I felt at that particular period. You could say that I did these things because they made me happy and I thought that it was appropriate at the time. In Moby Dick, Captain Ahab feels that he must explore the outer limits of the "pasteboard mask" he has painted for himself, which would be his eagerness to encounter the whale with the intent to kill it. However, his intention turned on him and the whale ultimately destroyed him.Although Ahab's experience was negative, pasteboard masks can have positive results as well. After situations like these, we might often find ourselves asking why we do such things or how we get these motives in the first place.Ahab is an admirable and intelligent man whose balance has been disturbed by the blind and aimless anger of the whale that eventually destroys him.The Call of the Wretched Sea

Medium Research Methodology Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medium Methodology - Research Paper Example A quantitative approach was adopted for this study. It was vital to impose primary demands on the data collection. This is in order to study and know how the British national newspapers have constructed ‘binge drinking’ as a social problem. The research study is primarily and mainly dealing with how have the British national newspapers constructed ‘binge drinking’ as a social problem and not generalized approaches (Iwere, 2010). Additionally, the relationships between the variables will be analyzed in great detail by the research. The analysis will include testing the variation effect within factors which influence the British national newspapers to construct ‘binge drinking’ as a social problem. The approach (quantitative) was the most suitable approach for the study since the research question required needed a statistical answer and solution. Critcher, (pg. 154) stated that a quantitative study approach is often characterized by statistical measurements and figures whereas a qualitative approach is best suited for research questions which require a descriptive solution and answer. The research focused on finding the coverage of a small sample of British newspapers on binge drinking. Consequently, a quantitative paradigm was used to collect data for the research because it is more relevant and suitable. This was made up of newspaper articles which were meant and aimed to illustrate the findings of the study from the perspective of the research participant. To satisfy the demands of depth, the need for detailed information or data about binge drinking and the British media necessitated the use of more newspaper articles. Also, the use of many articles enabled the study to come up with reliable results and information.

Native American, West African, European societies Essay

Native American, West African, European societies - Essay Example At the same time, they were charged with the responsibility of protecting the family from external aggression. Further, it is noted that major decision makings in the family among the European societies were vested upon men. In fact, men played a major role in solving any disputes arising in the family. Likewise, men in West African society were also charged with the responsibility of fending for the family as they engaged in different economic activities such as hunting, and fishing. Just as with the European societies, men of West African society were perceived as family heads and provided protection from enemies, participated in decision makings, as well as ensuring that there is discipline in the family (Brown 27). On a similar note, the Native men also shared certain roles with their European and West African men. This was due to the fact that they also participated in fending food for the family through hunting, and in most cases worked outside their homes (Calloway 16). Simila rly, they acted as family heads in which they were charged with the responsibilities of making crucial decisions in the family, as well as playing defensive roles against their adversaries. Despite there being a number of similarities, the three societies also differed in terms of gender roles in that, in the European, and West African societies, men were considered very important and dominated their women as preserve of the society’s social order. In this regard, men in these two societies wielded power almost equal to that of a monarch. For instance, the ownership of land in European societies was left at the hands of men, while women only did so when their husbands are not around. This was not so among the Native Americans were women were given rights almost equal to those of their male counterparts (Richter 65). Women in the three societies also shared certain roles. For instance, in European societies, women were charged with the responsibility of gathering of greens, be rries and firewood. They also participated in planting, weeding and harvesting of food from the fields (Albers and Medicine 65). They also participated in the processing of beans and corn. In addition, women in European societies acted as caregivers, did the work of cooking for the family, slaughtering animals. Likewise, the West African women also were also charged with the responsibility of gathering food and firewood for the family. In this regard, they moved widely across the field gathering food for the family. Like European women, they also acted as caregivers in the family, cooked food. Research has also shown that Native women also did a lot of gathering food and firewood, the same way women of West Africa did. In addition, they were responsible for taking care of children and cooking for the family according to VanSledright (22). Nevertheless, the differences in the roles of women among the three societies emanates from the fact that women of Native America had more equal r ights as those of men, which is not the case among the European and West African societies. For instance, unlike in European and West African societies where women acted as caregivers, the Native women acted as givers of life while their husband were took care of the life. In addition, women also took part in major decision makings among the Native

Importance of Observation Research in Childcare

Importance of Observation Research in Childcare Unit 5 Explain the reasons for conducting observations and the format that these can take: Reference 1 and reference 6 In a nursery setting it is very important to carry out observations. Reasons of observations: The reason why observations are important is because it helps children know how they are improving on their development. Observations also help key workers know how to support children in their playful activities. Observations help children to go up a level. In a observation the child and the key worker gets to know each other, they get to talk and the key worker gets a chance to play along with children and help children to socialise. Methods of observation: The main observation nurseries use is writing down and taking photographs. This helps nursery know more about the child. How to carry out observations: You must sit and watch children play If children do not know how to play you show them and give them something to play with. You then talk to children as they get to know you and get used to you You seat their and spot the child’s weakness and try to put it correct You then begin to write down what the child is doing such as analyse as they get talking and get to know you. You must understand how they are improving with a key worker observing children. When a key worker writes down on a post it note, they must write everything a child is doing with the puzzle. The key worker can also ask the child questions. Observations are mainly one to one observations. Key worker will then take photo and write up a report on this child on how they are doing in their development. Children can be observed on many activities accoutring to their age: Ball activity Play dough Lego Football Communication Drawing Cutting Numbers Alphabets reading Discuss the importance of parental permission for carrying out observations on children and babies aged 3 and under: Reference 2 As a nursery we ensure we report everything we have to, to parents, regarding their children. This includes observations and collecting information which we have to about their children. We might take photographs of children’s, vidieo recordings of children. In some setting it is up to the student’s to get permissions from parents to carry out observation and it is up to the students to build relationship with both children and parents to build up student’s career. Nurseries also have to keep in touch with the third parties when information needs to be passed on, such as a child who is ill in health, this information must be reported to them and their report and the child’s information so the third parties can support the nurseries on this issue. Most parents are okay with their children being obsevered as it helps them to know how their children are improving. Observations are carried out according to the child’s age. Such as in the baby room a child might be observed on their crawling or walking. They must tell their parents as they are babies to keep them up to date and help them know their child is in good hands. The reason for parental permission is if a stranger was to walk in and take a photograph of a child, the stranger can do anything with the child’s photograph. It is important a key worker or a member of staff CRB checked is always there to keep an eye out for children. a child who has been observed in writing, someone might have left this observation at the reception desk for someone to easily pick up this can be a document to unwanted visitors to read. This can cause the nursery big problems and lead to the nursery a penalty of closing. Identify the process for carrying out a risk assessment within the nursery environment and the steps to be taken for those items requiring attention: In a nursery a key worker has been asked to look for all hazards’s and assess what can happen: You must identify all hazards such as: Computer wire left lying and not plugged, children can trip over, and these can be protected by ensuring the plug is plugged to the socket and that worker’s check up on this. Children’s cups and plates unwashed, children become unclean, to keep protected it is up to key workers to ensure these are always washed. Chairs left in the middle of play area where children play and walk, children can fall; to keep all protected children must be shown how to seat on a chair and push the chairs under the table. Children swinging on their chair, children can fall backwards – children should be told not to swing on the chair. Toys left where children run around, children can trip over – toys must be cleared and put in the correct place. Children pushing each other, we ensure children talk to children not to push each other and report this then discuss why this happened in a meeting and find ways on how to protect children. Children playing with broken toys – it is important worker’s check all toys before children come in the morning and that this is reported and discussed at the meeting and find out why this happen so it can be reported to parents. Sharp adult scissors left for children on cutting table – this should also be put away, and reported to discuss during the meeting times in the mornings. Knives left on playing tables when should be in safe hands of an adult while cutting fruit for children during snack times- it is important to report this and be honest even thou you picked it up. Children not washing hands after toilet times- this is very important because children have to keep clean, this must be report and ensure a key worker is informed to help children wash their hands. Children running around, children can trip over and hurt themselves it is important children keep calm and walk. Children’s drawing all over the floor, staff member not seeing this and children may be walking on this and running, children’s work half ripped apart and therefore nurseries have to do double work, this must be reported and discussed. To many workers and less children, it is important this is discussed to have less worker during certain days. As a nursery we must pay attention to the risk and watch all children around us Process Administrator of the nursery creates a table of all the hazards in the nursery. The administrator then gives this to the assessment team to carry out The assessment team then rates these hazards to see if it is minor or extreme for children to be in. Reference 3 After completing the assessment this must be discussed at the meeting and then a staff meeting must be organised to inform the staff which has to check up on these risk’s at all times. We must find ways on how to stop these risks from happening; we must carry out this risk assessment once every month for regular checks. We must also write a report on how this can be protected. Evaluate in which communication can be encouraged for learning and play among your children: Reference 4 My finding on this question is that children need to be listened to when they talk on everyday life. Children and key worker’s build relationship to make it easier to communicate this give children great confidence. It is important to reach children to their chosen goal of communication, we must allow children to talk up to the level they must talk at. As children talk key worker must give contact that you are there and listening to them, children can talk about anything they like this will give children more encouragement. In a nursery setting I found that 3 years age children begin to talk full sentences. Key workers encourage children to read books, gives them talking times during circle times. Pre-schoolers like to talk more about their past life what they did. They enjoying talking rather than playing as they like to be more like adults and learn more about how adults are. To encourage pre-school children key workers ask children question as many as they can in a day to keep them confident and talking and active at all times. As key workers we encourage children to talk about the world, whatever they can think of something good. We encourage our workers to tell children to talk to each other while they play, we ask children what they are playing with as these type of question’s are common to ask. Communication can also be encouraged by giving child the time to reply back, we give children rewards on when they communicate well, we ensure all members of staff listen to children when they talk, we repeat if children do not understand the question when it is there time to talk, we show children how to answer to questions, we build children’s talking up to the highest level they can talk. In a nursery, key workers put a group of children with a similar interest in a communication activity. Key workers support children by carrying out role play. This can be a communication role play on London zoo. They can talk about animals and have an acting show to perform in front of the group. To support children we encourage children to talk, we provide as many activities we can. When key workers play with a group of children they talk more to children and ask as many questions they can. Reference 5 From my other finding while working in nurseries in my area’s I also found that there are so many communication activities, which are: Saying out alphabets and numbers out loud Talking times during circle Reading books out loud Socialising and talking while playing Question times When putting all the above together, encouragement is the best way to improve children’s communication learning. References: Reference 1: http://www.childrenscentres.org.uk/ps_step_by_step_observations.asp (I used the link to give me an understanding and wrote it into my own words. Reference 2: I used the hand book pages 91 – about how parents are happy the way children are observed. Reference 3: I used page 93 94 in the hand book to give me an understanding then wrote into my own words. I used the meanings. Reference 4: http://extension.missouri.edu/p/GH6123 I used this and wrote it into my own words and used mostly my own words based on the question. Reference 5 – working for nurseries Reference 6 http://www.homelearningcollege.com/HLC/media/PDF/SampleMaterial/ChildCare/Diploma-In-Early-Learning-And-Childcare-Sample.pdf I used this link to give myself an understanding procedure

Agriculture in the Caribbean

TABLE OF CONTENTS ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE CARIBBEAN Foreign exchange Contribution to GDP/GNP Food security Employment Environmental management CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING CARIBBEAN AGRICULTURE Climate Topography Appropriate Technology Rural Infrastructure Land Tenure and Fragmentation Credit Facilities Marketing Facilities Extension Services Praedial Larceny CLASSIFICATION OF CARIBBEAN FARMS Distinguishing Features of Farmers (According to Size) Large Farms Medium Sized Farms Small Farms Distinguishing Features of Farms (According to Produce) Crops Farm Livestock Monoculture/Mono-cropping Mixed Cropping Mixed Farming Organic Farming Agro-Forestry Integrated Farm INSTITUTIONS WHICH SUPPORT LOCAL AND REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL Rural Agricultural Development Authority (RADA) Bodles Research Station: Jamaica Livestoc Association (J. L. A. ) Jamaica Agricultural Society (J. A. S. ): Scientific Research Council (SRC Sugar Industry Research Institute (SIRI) Caribbean Community Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI ) Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute (CFNI) University of the West Indies (UWI) College of Agriculture, Science and Education (CASE) Inter-American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture (IICA) Food and Agriculture Organization (F AO) Organization of American States (OAS) Inter-American Development Bank (I. D. B. ) The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Caribbean Basin Initiative (C. B. I) United States Agency for International Development (USAID) European Union (EU) INTRODUCTION TO SOIL SCIENCE Functions of Soil in our Environment Soil Formation Weathering Soil formation factors Soil Profile Physical Properties of soils Soil texture Soil Structure Porosity BULK DENSITY SOIL COLOUR SOIL WATER Importance of soil Organic Matter Chemical Properties of the soil Soil pH Plant nutrients HOW THE SOIL HOLD PLANT NUTRIENTS? MANAGING SOIL FERTILITY FERTILIZERS Advantages of organic fertilizers Disadvantages of organic fertilizers Inorganic fertilizers Fertilizer grade Advantages of inorganic fertilizers Disadvantages of inorganic fertilizers Practical activity Identifying types of fertilizers Methods of applying fertilizer Importance of plant sexual reproduction in agriculture The flower Pollination Types of pollinations Self pollination Cross pollination Fertilizatio ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE CARIBBEAN Foreign exchange The agriculture sector earns foreign exchange by exporting traditional and non-traditional products. In addition to earning foreign exchange, the agriculture sector may also produce food and raw material for local consumption; this reduces the need to import similar products, resulting in the saving of foreign exchange. The foreign exchange earned and saved is used to purchase other goods and services which the country needs/want but does not produce. Imported products must be purchased using foreign exchange. In addition to trading, foreign exchange is also used to repay international debt. Contribution to GDP/GNP GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT – GDP GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT – GNP GDP and GNP are means of measuring the national income of a country. The GDP measures the value of goods and services produced locally, in a given period. The GNP is determined by adding the value of goods and services produced in a country (GDP) and also what is earned abroad and returned to the country, in a given period. GDP = AGRICULTURE + TOURISM + MINING + MANUFACTURING etc. GNP = AGRICULTURE + TOURISM + MINING + MANUFACTURING etc. + EARNINGS FROM ABROAD Agriculture contributes to the overall wealth of a country by contributing to GNP and GDP. As the contribution from agriculture and other sectors increases the wealthier the country becomes. This means more funding will be available to improve infrastructure and services such as roads, education and health. The Jamaican agriculture sector contributes about seven percent to GDP, only tourism contributes more. Food security Food security is concerned with the availability of adequate supply of food and access to the food by all the citizens of a country. Food security exists when all people at all times have physical and economic access to ufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences. Food security can be affected by; †¢ Availability or access to arable lands for agriculture †¢ Technology used †¢ Climatic conditions †¢ Conflicts †¢ Ability to import food †¢ Poverty FOOD SECURITY = ADEQUATE FOOD SUPPLY + ACCESS TO FOO D BY ALL Employment Agriculture is a major source of employment in the rural areas of most Caribbean countries. Therefore, agriculture is the primary means of promoting rural development and reducing rural to urban migration and its consequence urban decay. Employment in agriculture ranges from unskilled workers to highly trained professionals such as an agronomist or an agricultural engineer. Also, agriculture offers direct employment for example a broiler farm [pic] or an extension officer. There is also indirect employment in down streams. Down streams industries, such as food processing, generally use agricultural products as raw materials to produce value added products or manufacture new products. Supermarkets, financial institutions and businesses benefit from the earnings of individuals involved in agriculture. Environmental management Through agricultural activities man interacts with the environment. The effects of this interaction may be positive or negative. Since agriculture depends on the natural resources, the goal of all persons who benefit directly and in directly from agriculture should be to promote the use of agricultural practices that are environmentally friendly. CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING CARIBBEAN AGRICULTURE Climate The major areas of consideration are: temperature and rainfall. The climate of the Caribbean is the tropical marine climate; therefore it is warm and moist. The combination of warmth and moisture create ideal conditions for many pests and diseases that affect both crops and livestock. Also, the high temperatures make it more difficult to successfully rear some breeds of livestock in the Caribbean, especially those which originate in temperate areas such as Europe. Topography Topography refers to the relief or the shape of the land. The topography of most Caribbean islands is hilly in the interior with most of the flat land near the coast. The limited flat land is generally used for housing and settlements, manufacturing industries and plantation type agriculture e. g. sugar cane. Steep slopes affect farming by: †¢ Limiting access to farm plots †¢ Restrict the use of farm machines †¢ Increase the risk of soil erosion Appropriate Technology Technology: the use of tools, machinery and knowledge and to complete tasks. Increasing production in agriculture is linked to the use of modern technology e. g. tractors, hybrid seeds, and efficient irrigation systems. Appropriate technology refers to the use of tools, machinery and knowledge which is suited for local conditions or a specific area or condition. Technology should be appropriate to the economic status of the farmer, farm size, climate and level of education etc. Appropriateness technology for small farmers can be judged using the characteristics shown below; †¢ Simple †¢ Low maintenance †¢ Locally made †¢ Access to spare parts †¢ Easy to operate †¢ Affordable †¢ Small/compact [pic] [pic] Rural Infrastructure The farm family needs to have access to basic amenities for both agricultural and domestic activities. If rural areas are not provided with some of the basic infrastructural needs, farmers will not be very productive; also the business of farming may become less attractive or no longer feasible to the farm family. Some of the basic infrastructure includes: †¢ Electricity Water supply †¢ Proper roads †¢ Telephone †¢ Health care †¢ Schools Land Tenure and Fragmentation Land tenure speaks to the ownership of land. Most small farmers do not own their own land or own very small fragmented plots usually in hilly areas. When farmers do not own their own land, they are not motivated to develop the land or put permanent structures on the land. Land fragmentation occurs as land is divided among family members from generation to generation. The land is divided into numerous plots and not all the plots are generally used for agricultural production but for other purposed such as housing. Credit Facilities As with other types of businesses it is often very necessary to borrow money from lending institutions to start, expand or acquire assts for an agricultural enterprise. Because farming is considered to be a high risk business, institutions are not very willing to lend money for agriculture. Very often farmers complain that the cost of borrowing money (interest rate) is too high; while the price of the products they produce is relatively low. Some farmers will experience difficulty accessing loans because they lack suitable collateral such as land. Collateral is material of value used to cover the cost of the loan in the even that the borrower is unable to pay. Marketing Facilities Marketing involves bringing the producer and the consumer together. Marketing also includes transporting, pricing, packaging, storage and advertising. Farmers in Jamaica experience difficulty in selling their produce due to: †¢ A lack of properly organized systems to bring buyers and sellers together i. e. buyers are not aware of what farmers are producing and farmers are not fully aware of the needs of buyers. †¢ Competition from imported agricultural products Extension Services Although there is an increasing number of professionals now operating farming enterprises, most Jamaican farmers are relatively old and have only basic education (grade 9). Therefore there is need to give these farmers constant and individual help to improve their agricultural knowledge. Extension officers provide a vital link between the farmer and the researcher that develop modern farming technology and solutions for on the farm problems. The economic constraints being experienced in Jamaica have resulted in the reduction in the size of the extension service. Praedial Larceny Nothing is more discouraging to a farmer than the theft of his produce. CLASSIFICATION OF CARIBBEAN FARMS Farms are classified according to size and what they produce. Distinguishing Features of Farmers (According to Size) Large Farms Large farms occupy more than 25 hectares, mainly produce one crop or type of livestock and are geared for export. These farms are operated and managed by individuals, co- operations or government and in some cases absentee owners. They employ a skilled labour force as well as semi-skilled and unskilled workers. They farms tend to be highly mechanized or in some cases little mechanization is used but instead large numbers of workers. The profits from these farms in the case of foreign owners are repatriated. Medium Sized Farms The size of these farms range anywhere from 2. 5 to 25 hectares. They are owned and operated by the farmer and usually requires hired labour. These farms usually produce a variety of crops or livestock or both crops and livestock for domestic use. In recent time medium sized farms are accessing export markets. Small Farms These farms are less than 0. 5 hectares to a maximum of 2. hectares. They are owned and operated by the farmer and family labour is used. They produce for local markets and use simple hand tools e. g. hoe, fork, and cutlass. Distinguishing Features of Farms (According to Produce) Crops Farm These farms are of all sizes and produce a variety of crops for the local and possibly export market. Some mechanization is involved especially in land preparation and pest and disease control. The farmer usually owns the land and some labour is hired. [pic] Livestock These farms are also of all sizes depending on the type of enterprise e. . fish, cattle, rabbits and goats. It is owned and operated by an individual, group or government and production is mainly for the domestic market e. g. pork, beef, fish are all used in Jamaica. Monoculture/Mono-cropping In a mono-cropping system, the farmer concentrates on growing only one major crop e. g. sugarcane on a plot of land or in a particular area for an extended period of time. Relatively few of these farms are found in the region. Absentee owners appoint managers to run the farms. In general, these farms are productive but the profits are exported. In cases where the farms are locally owned the profits remain in the country and help with its development. On these farms soil and crop management are uniform, since they are dealing with one crop. This repeating of crop and soil management practices can have negative effects such as: †¢ Grater opportunity of spreading pests and diseases, which may destroy the entire crop. †¢ Continuous ploughing with heavy equipment can destroy soil structure †¢ Cultural practices such as burning of sugar cane can destroy soil structure and beneficial soil organisms. Mixed Cropping In mixed cropping the farmer depends on several plots for his income. Maximum use is made of land space and it is easier to check the spread of pest and diseases. In mixed cropping: †¢ Crops may be grown on the same farm but on different plots. [pic] †¢ Crops may be intercropped on the same plot. [pic] Situation: a farmer often grows one main crop e. g. sugar cane but also cultivates other (cash crops), which he uses to provide his weekly supply of food and to help pay his bills by selling the surplus produce. Such a situation is considered mixed cropping since he has other crops on which he can depend. Mixed Farming Involves the growing of crops and the rearing of animals on the same farm. They can be of and size but usually medium to large and production is basically for a local market, some produce may be exported. The farms are owned and operated by individuals, groups or government. Advantages: o Maximum use is made of land space. o Farms have more than one source of income. o It is easier to check the spread of pests and diseases. Disadvantages †¢ A higher level of management is required. †¢ There is a need to find market for different types of produce. †¢ Animals can damage crops if the y are not properly enclosed or tied. Organic Farming Organic farming is the use of agricultural systems to produce food and fiber without the use of artificial pesticides, fertilizer and genetically modified plants. Crop rotation and the building of biodiversity are very important. Pesticides used come from plants and are used as a last resort and their effects are short lived. Soil amendments come from renewable resources such as farmyard manure and composts. The strategy is to build up healthy soils through cover crops, composts and organically based amendments to build up healthy soils. These plants are better able to resist pest and diseases. Weeds are controlled through cover crops, mulching, flame weeding and crop rotation. When pests and diseases get out of control a variety of strategies are used for their control e. g. insect predators, mating disruption, traps, barriers and bio-chemicals. Agro-Forestry Agro-forestry is an integrated land use system. It refers to land –use systems in which trees are grown on the same land as agricultural crops and/or animals in a spatial arrangement or in a time sequence. Some examples are coconuts under-planted with pasture, apiculture with tree systems and aquaculture under mangroves. Agro-forestry systems resemble the natural ecosystems. The general aim of agro-forestry is to supply and increase a sustainable output of the basic necessities including cash. Agro-forestry is important because the following reasons. †¢ Environmental deterioration – due to the actions of man, natural disasters and volcanic action lead to deforestation. †¢ High rates of oxidation of organic matter due to high temperatures as well as excessive evaporation of moisture. †¢ Soil erosion. †¢ Population pressure for land for a variety of purposes such as housing. †¢ Need for fuel wood. Integrated Farm Farms are said to be integrated when the waste products from one enterprise is used as an in put in another production enterprise e. g. poultry waste can be used in fish farming and cattle rearing. Integrated farms attempt to eliminate the accumulation of agricultural waste by further utilization in production. Sugarcane Feed for ruminants (cattle) Waste Garden (compost) Garden excess and waste Feed ruminants INSTITUTIONS WHICH SUPPORT LOCAL AND REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL For a country’s agricultural sector to maximize its potential and contribute to a nation’s development; numerous organizations and institutions must play an integral role. These institutions may be government or private, local based, regional or international. The roles played by these institutions may encompass: Education ? Research ? Technical assistance ? Poverty reduction ? Rural development These organizations may form a cornerstone for development and ensure sustainable development, food security, poverty reduction, and prosperity. Some institutions have specific roles e. g. CFNI – nutrition. While some are broad based dealing with a wide cross section of development e. g. CDB. Rural Agricultural Development Authority (RADA) The objectives of RADA include: ? To provide technical extension assistance primarily to farmers in rural Jamaica in an effort to increase production and productivity. ? To train and develop extension personnel at all levels through in-service training programmes, geared towards improving their efficiency. ? To administer farmer training programmes and workshops thereby rendering farmers more knowledgeable and capable. ? To catalyze agricultural credit and input for small farmers. ? To aid in organization of marketing chains beneficial to both farmers and consumers. To cooperate with agencies involved in the development of rural infrastructure with a view to improving the quality of life in rural communities. ? To develop and operate service centres at strategic locations around the island thus bringing the service closer to farmers. ? To be the implementing agency for selected projects that impact on farmers and the biological environment. E. g. watershed development projects and fa rmer registration. ? To provide a free flow of information from policy makers and research organizations to farmers and from farmers upwards to these same persons. Bodles Research Station: Government funded research institution that carries out research in both crop production and animal husbandry to develop new and improved methods of farming, pest and disease control. They also seek to develop new plant and animal breeds which are suitable for local conditions. Jamaica Livestock Association (J. L. A. ): The J. L. A. is concerned with the development of the Jamaica livestock sector. It is a public company offering shares therefore it is concerned with the welfare of share holders. They provide agricultural support services for improving development of the industry such as quality input and technology development and implementation. Jamaica Agricultural Society (J. A. S. ): The JAS represent the interests of all farmers lobbying for agricultural friendly policies for agricultural sustainability and development. They also promote and support agricultural and industrial shows as well as operating a supply subsidiary (JLA farm stores), providing agricultural inputs at affordable costs to farmers. Scientific Research Council (SRC): They undertake research into new and improved technologies in agriculture. They are currently spearheading efforts to implement tissue culture and hydroponics in Jamaica. Sugar Industry Research Institute (SIRI) SIRI main function is to research and develop methods to improve agriculture technology as it relates to sugar cane production. They aim to improve efficiency in all areas of sugar cane production. Their main functions are: †¢ The development of new varieties of sugar cane which are high yielding, drought resistant, pest and disease resistant. †¢ The development of machinery and equipment suitable for Jamaican conditions. †¢ Provide technical assistance in irrigation, drainage and water management. Develop ideal fertilizer preparations based on the nutritional requirement of a crop. †¢ Promote the safe and efficient use of agro chemicals e. g. herbicides and insecticides. †¢ To study, monitor and provide technical advice in control and eradication of pests and diseases. CARICOM – Caribbean Community (Established by th e treaty of Chaguarnas May 1, 1973) Aim is to enhance regional trade, develop common policies, and act as a negotiating body among member states. So as to promote economic, social, cultural and political development through integration. Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) Provides loans for development and establishment of agricultural industries and farms e. g. irrigation, training, fisheries, as well as infrastructural development e. g. roads, water supply. Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI ) †¢ Provide for and conduct research into farming methods, pest and disease control, plant and animal breeding, technology for long term development. †¢ Coordinate and integrate research efforts in member states. †¢ Undertake training of farmers and agricultural personnel. †¢ Improve the utilization of modern technology to boost agricultural production. Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute (CFNI) †¢ Offers technical support for reducing malnutrition †¢ Promote proper nutrition education and provide educational material to this end. †¢ Develop nutrition policies †¢ To collaborate with governments to improve food security. †¢ To improve nutritional aspects of health services. University of the West Indies (UWI) †¢ Provide degree training in agriculture and related fields †¢ Conduct agricultural research for improving farming methods and pest and disease control. College of Agriculture, Science and Education (CASE) Offers training in agriculture. Inter-American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture (IICA) A specialized agency of the O. A. S. their aim is to promote agricultural development in a sustainable manner working with governments and Ministries of Agriculture. Their focus is geared toward †¢ Rural development and well-being. †¢ Diversification of agricultural production. †¢ Value-added production (agro-processing). †¢ Improving the region’s position in international trade. †¢ Research and development Food and Agriculture Organization (F AO) An organized branch of the United Nations which aims to †¢ Promote agricultural development. Pursue food security and improve nutrition. †¢ Develop infrastructure in rural areas. †¢ Provide information and technical assistance on a project basis to farmers. †¢ Provide a neutral platform for countries to meet and discuss issues and advice them on policy making. †¢ Coordinate government efforts at food security and improved nutrition. Organization of American States (OAS) Includes Thirty four (34) member states from the Americas. Provides technical assistance to countries and aims to improve health care and public administration. Inter-American Development Bank (I. D. B. ) The oldest and largest regional institution of multilateral development. The aim is to accelerate economic and social development in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Operations cover the entire spectrum of infrastructure, energy, transportation and urban development. Current lending priorities: poverty reduction, social equity and modernization. The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) The lead organization in delivering Canada’s official development assistance programme. Assistance is provided in the form of goods and services, transfer of knowledge, skills and financial contributions. Areas of concentration include: – basic human needs – infrastructure – private sector development – women in development – human rights – environmental protection. These objectives are achieved by working with both the private sectors and governments of respective countries. Caribbean Basin Initiative (C. B. I) Enacted as Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act by United States. Products from beneficiary countries may be eligible for duty-free treatment in the U. S. A. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Undertakes numerous projects aimed at improving the quality of life of citizens in developing countries. They also aim to expand democracy and free market activities ultimately leading to economic growth. European Union (EU) The EU provides grants and loans for a wide range of development projects and environmental protection initiatives in developing countries. They also provide technical assistance for many of these projects. INTRODUCTION TO SOIL SCIENCE Functions of Soil in our Environment. ? Habitat for organisms; Microbes, earth worms, rodents ? Medium for plant growth; Provide essential minerals and water. ? Important component in the water cycle ; storages in pores and evaporation ? Engineering medium; construction of roads and building etc. Soil Formation Soil Composition [pic] Soil formation is slow process. In the best conditions 1mm of soil may be form in a year. However, under poor condition it may take thousands of years for the same quantity of soil to form. Although soil is a renewable resource, in many areas soil is being lost at a much faster rate than it can be produced. SUMMARY OF SOIL FORMATION PROCESSES [pic]Transformation – weathering and decomposition [pic]Translocation – movement of soil materials up or down the soil profile [pic]Addition – rainfall, OM, deposited rock materials pic]Losses – erosion, washing out of soil material in the ground water(leaching) Weathering This is the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks and the mineral found in rocks. i) Physical weathering or disintegration involves the break up rocks into smaller fragments. Physical weathering is often referred to as mechanical weathering, since it involve the action of forces. Agents of physical weathering or disintegration: ? Temperature changes: – Contraction and expansion weaken the structure of the rocks. ? Running water ? Plants: – the roots of plants can grow between rock spaces and break up the rocks as they grow and become larger. Humans and animals The diagram shows the result of physical weathering; a single rock disintegrated into many fragments [pic] ii) Chemical weathering involve changing the chemical composition of rock s/ the minerals in rock via chemical reactions. Primary minerals such as quartz Sio2 are changed into changed into secondary mineral such as aluminium silicates (clay mineral). Chemical weathering is accelerated by the physical disintegration of rocks, which increases the surface of rocks, causing the rate of chemical reactions to increase. In addition, water and warmth are important factors which, influencing the rate of chemical weathering. Water is a universal solvent in which reactions can take place while, as temperature increases the rate of reactions increases. EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING Carbonation and solution: Water combines with Carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid. Examples: (1) H2O + CO2 ———— H2CO3 + CaCO3 ———Ca(HCO3)2 (2) CaCo3 + H2CO3 ——- Ca2+ + 2HCO3- Hydration: – Water combine with rock minerals causing a chemical change in the mineral structure. Examples: anhydride (CaSO4) + Water (H2O) = Gypsum (CaSO4-H2O) 2Fe2O3 + 3H2O ——- 2Fe2O3. 3H2O Hematite limonite Hydrolysis: The water molecule splits in to H+ and OH-and reacts with minerals CaSiO 3 + 2H2O ——– HSiO3 + Ca(OH)2 Calcium silicates silicic acid calcium hydroxide Oxidation: Oxygen combines with mineral elements to form oxides. Example: a rusting sign post. Soil formation factors These are environmental factors, which determines the type of soils that are formed i. soil colour, profile depth, chemical features and biotic characteristics. i) Parent material: Parent material refers to the type of rock material from which soil forms. It includes bedrock, transported (by water, wind or gravity) and deposited materials originated from rocks. Alluvial – transported by water Colluvial – dislodged and deposited by gravity *** Soil is not necessarily formed from the underlining bed rock *** The parent material contributes to the physi cal and chemical properties of the soil, such as texture, pH, mineral content. |ROCKS CHRACTERISTICS | | | | |Igneous rocks |Rocks formed from cooled molten material | | |Volcanic rocks may acid or basic | | |Granite is an example of igneous rocks | | | | |Sedimentary rocks |The most abundant rock types | | |Formed from deposited materials included rock fragments | | |Usually layered | | |Limestone and sand stone are examples | | | | |Metamorphic rocks |Formed from sedimentary rock when these rocks are exposed to great heat and | | |pressure. | | |Example limestone changed to marble | PARENT MATERIAL |SOIL PROPERTIES | | | | |SOFT LIMESTONE |DARK IN CLOUR | | |SHALLOW | | |UNDERLAID WITH MARL | | | | |HARD LIMESTONE |SOIL VARY IN COLOUR FROM BROWN TO RED, INCLUDING BAUXITIC SOILS | | | | |SHALES |FREE DRAIINING | | RICH IN POTASH | | |PRONE TO SLIPPING AND EROSION | | | | |PURPLE CONGLOMORATES |OCCUR MAINLY ON SLOPES | | |SUSCEPTABLE TO EROSION | | |LOW WATER HOLDING CAPA CITY | | | | |OTHER CONGLOMORATES |ACID CLAYS | | |LOW FERTLITY | | | | |GRANITE AND POPHYRY |GRAVELLY SOIL | | |SHALLOW | | |ACIDIC | | |LIGHT TEXTURE | | |EASELY ERODED | ii) Climate: Agents of climate such as temperature, moisture (rainfall) and wind contributes to rock disintegration and chemical weathering and consequently the type soil that is formed. Warm temperature, as is the case in the tropics, increase the rate of weathering. The amount of moisture present will also affect the rate of soil formation, by influencing the rate of weathering and decomposition. iii) Topography: the topography is the shape or contour of the land surface. Soils formed on slopes then to be thinner than those that are formed on gently sloping lands. Low lying areas, which are poorly drained, have different chemical properties indicated by a grey colour down the soil profile. [pic] iv) Time: the longer the soil formation processes are in action the soil horizons would be more developed and also the soil would be more weathered. v) Biotic factors (vegetation and animals): Soil animals such as earthworms influence soil development by mixing soil components and aerate soils as they burrow through the soil. The mixing action enhances the rate of chemical and physical change in the soil. Fungi and bacteria decompose organic matter. The leaves and roots of plants add organic matter to the soil and contribute to the weathering of rocks. Soil Profile The soil profile is a vertical section of view of a soil showing the horizons or layer. [pic] Soil Profile OSuperficial surface layer consist mainly of plant remains such as fallen and other partially decomposed organic materials ATop soil – divided into two layers on the basis of soil colour ? The upper layer is darker due to a higher concentration of organic matter ? Usually there is an abundance of soil organisms and plant roots ? The top soil generally has a loose structure ? Usually the most fertile layer E BSubsoil- colour of this layer is red to orange due to the accumulation of mineral called oxides ? Proportion of gravel may begin to increase ? Clay content increases caused by the downward washing and accumulation of clay. ? The tap roots of some plants may be visible ? The soil is more compact CWeathered rock/Parent material – contain gravel or generally coarse material D/RBed Rock – Solid rock or parent materials Importance understanding the Soil Profile †¢ Soil horizons help to determine the soil type. †¢ Most plant nutrients are present in the top soil, which can be used to determine the soil fertility. †¢ Subsoil compactness will give a hint to the drainage of the soil. Type of bedrock and parent material will influence chemical and physical soil properties. Physical Properties of soils Soil texture The texture of a soil is determined by the ratio of sand, silt and clay particles present in the soil. The percentage of sand, silt and clay soils can b e used to classify soils into three main texture classes; [pic]Sandy soils —— Coarse [pic]Loamy soil —— Moderately coarse, medium to moderately fine †¢ Clay Soils ——- Fine NOTE – IN THE FIELD THERE ARE MANY VARATION TO THESE TEXTURE CLASSES. THE SOIL TEXTURE TRIANGLE BELOW SHOWS THE MAJOR SOIL TYPES. [pic] In the field soil texture can be determined by the feel method i. e. feeling the soil between the finger. Hence, soil texture can be simply defined as the feel of the soil between the fingers. Soil texture is very difficult to change in the field but on a small scale adding enough of another soil type and mixing thoroughly can modify the texture of one soil type. Soil Particles and size Gravel200 – 20 mm Fine gravel20 – 2 mm Coarsesand2 – 0. 2 mm Fine sand0. 2 – 0. 02 mm Silt0. 02 – 0. 002 mm Clayless than 0. 002 PROPERTIES OF SOIL S AND SOIL PARTICLES Clay ? Clay Particles stick together ? Particles are closely packed ? Highest percentage of micro pores ? Low porosity ? Good for fish ponds and growing rice ? High water holding capacity ? Moderated to high CEC ? Low drainage ? Moderate to high shrinkage and swelling Easily compacted ? Resist wind erosion ? Resist change in soil pH ? Retards leaching ? Rich in nutrients ? Poor structure ? Have negative electric charge (to attract Positively charged nutrients) Sand ? Particles do not stick together ? Part icles can be seen with the naked eye. ? Particles loosely arranged ? Large pore spaces ? Resist compaction ? Easily tilled soon after wetting ? OM decomposed rapidly ? Generally coarse ? Well aerated ? Well drained ? pH is easily changed ? Poor water holding ability ? High rate of leaching ? Low nutrient content Silt ? Particles are smooth and powdery ? Intermediate between clay and sand ? Particles feel smooth but not sticky ? Have and electric charge ? Easily compacted ? Easily blown by wind erosion LOAMS Soils classified as loams tend to demonstrate the properties of the three particles in an almost equal proportion. In the field, there are different types of loams e. g. clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay loam and sandy loam. Identifying Texture by Feel Feel test – Rub some moist soil between your fingers. †¢ Sand feels gritty. †¢ Silt feels smooth. †¢ Clays feel sticky. Ball squeeze test – Squeeze a moistened ball of soil in your hand. †¢ Coarse textures (sand or sandy loam) soils break with slight pressure. Sandy loams and silt loams stay together but change shape easily. †¢ Fine textured (clayey or clayey loam) soils resist breaking. Ribbon test – Squeeze a moistened ball of soil out between your thumb and fingers. †¢ Sandy soils will not ribbon. †¢ Loam, silt, silty clay loam or clay loam soil ribbons l ess than 1 inch. †¢ Sandy clay loam, silty clay loam or clay loam ribbons 1 to 2 inches. †¢ Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay soil ribbons more than 2 inches. A soil with as low as 20 percent clay, may behave as a heavy clayey soil. A soil needs 45 percent to over 60 percent sand to behave as a sandy soil. [pic] Activity ; Determine the texture of soil samples Soil characteristics |CLAY SOILS |SANDY SOILS |LOAMS | |Soil Conditions when dry | | | | |Do not from stable aggregates | |^ | | |Easily broken | |^ |^ | |Moderately easily broken | | |^ | |Hard and stable |^ | | | |   | | | | |Soil conditions when wet | | | | |Very stable aggregates |^ | | | |Moderately stable | | |^ | |Very unstable aggregates | |^ | | |   | | | | |Ability to form ribbons | | | | |Do not form ribbons | |^ | | |broken appearance of ribbons | | |^ | |Thin ribbons, will brake | |^ | |Very long & flexible ribbons |^ | | | Soil Structure Soil structure describes the arrangement of individual soil part icle. Individual soil particles come together to form aggregates, which may appear, in a number of shapes; [pic]Granular and crumb – aggregates are loosely arranged, usually found at the soil surface especially those having high organic matter content, it is considered to be the ideal structure soil structure. [pic] [pic]Plate like – generally found in the subsoil can be produced by soil compaction; this type of structure may reduce air, water movement and also hinder the penetration of roots. [pic] Blocky – this type of structure is usually seen in the Subsoil – associated with clay soils [pic] [pic]Prism like or columnar – found in the subsoil of clays [pic] [pic]Structure less soil has single grains or massive structures. [pic] ACTIVITY: Use a pitch fork to remove small sections of top soil and subsoil, identify the types of soil structure observed. Porosity Pores are spaces occurring naturally between soil particle and soil aggregates and direc tly depends on the soil structure. Porosity measures the amount of pore spaces in a soil sample. Pore spaces are important for the growth of plant roots and the movement of soil water and air. Based on size there are two types of pores observed in soils macro-pores and micro-pores. Macro-pores allow water and air to move through the soil at a faster rate, while micro-pores holds water more tightly therefore they act as long term storage of water. [pic] | | | |Pore spaces |Features | | | | |Low Porosity |Water logging, inadequate oxygen in the soil, hinder root penetration, micro-pores | | |dominates. | | | |Improve porosity |Add organic matter (compost) | | | | |Reduce porosity |Soil compaction | WHAT IS SOIL BULK DENSITY? This is the mass per unit volume of a dry soil sample. The volume includes the soil particles and pores spaces. Soils that are more compact usually have a higher bulk density that is having more soil particles and less pore spaces. REMINDERS Low porosity = higher bulk density Compact soils = low porosity = high bulk density* Clay soil = generally low porosity Sandy soils = higher porosity [pic] Activity: list the characteristics of soil with poor soil structure | | |How does soil structure influence plant growth? | SOIL COLOUR The colour of the soil gives clues to the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The soils can be used make a quick evaluation of soils in the field. Soils colours are mainly determine by oxides of metals and organic matter. Soils display a wide range colour for example; †¢ Reds †¢ Browns †¢ Yellows †¢ Black †¢ Green †¢ White Organic matter cause soils to be darker in colour, which may also hide the effect of oxides. Organic matter is associated with good soil structure as well as soil fertility. Iron oxides tend to produce soils that are yellow, brown or red. The colour will depend on the form iron oxide. Carbonates such as Calcite (CaCo3) give soils whitish colour. †¢ Bright soil colours are associated with well-drained soils and well aerated soils †¢ Grays and mixture bright colours and grays (mottled) indicates a poorly drained and poorly aerated soils †¢ When soil that are rich in iron oxides becomes water logged the iron is reduced form the ferrous to the ferric from which give the soil a grey colour |Condition | | |Subsurface soil colour | |Soils in anaerobic conditions, such as those in poorly | | |drained depressions, will normally have dull, grey |Water-logged soils, poor aeration | |B-horizons. Alternatively, aerobic soils on well-drained and |Dull grey (if in low rainfall soi ls 0-20 in) | |aerated slopes have bright reddish-brownish colours. | | |Well drained soils | | |Yellow, red-brown, black (if in forest soils) | | | | | |Poorly drained soils | | |Mottled grey (if in humid soils) | | | | SOIL WATER Water is essential for plant growth. Soil is capable of being a storehouse of water and becoming the main source of water for land plants. Soil water plays a significant role in several natural processes- evaporation, infiltration and drainage of water, diffusion of gases, conduction of heat, and movement of salts and nutrients are all dependent upon the amount of water present in soil. Plants meet their water requirement from water stored in soil. Soil moisture can be improved with aeration. Soil water is contained in soil pores Soil water contains dissolved substances for example nutrient elements and organic matter HOW DOES WATER MOVE UPWARD IN THE SOIL? Think about narrow tubes of different diameter placed vertically in beaker with water, as the diameter of the container decreases the height of the water in the tubes increases. The forces involved are called cohesion and adhesion. ? Cohesion attraction between water molecules ? Adhesion attraction between water and soil surface CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL WATER ? FIELD CAPACITY – water held in the soil after excess water has drained away ? CAPILARY WATER – water held by cohesion and adhesion [surface tension] ? GRAVITATIONAL WATER – water that drains under the influence of gravity especially after rain fall ? HYGROSCOPIC WATER – water that is held tightly around soil particles. This water is nit available to plants. Importance of soil Organic Matter ORGANIC MATTER (OM) = Decaying and decayed plant and animal remains †¢ Low percentage present in soil Colloidal in nature †¢ Have electric charge. †¢ Binds mineral particles to form stable aggregates. (improve soil structure) †¢ Humus is the final stage of decomposed material †¢ Responsible for the loose nature of productive soils. †¢ Increase water-holding ca pacity. †¢ Source of plant nutrients such as phosphorus and sulphur and major source of nitrogen. †¢ Supply food for soil organism. Chemical Properties of the soil Soil pH The term soil pH refers to the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a particular soil type. The soil pH or soil reaction is determined by the concentration of Hydrogen H+ and hydroxyl OH- in the soil. ? H+ higher than OH- soil acidic OH- higher than H+ soil alkaline soil In addition alkaline soils have more Ca, mg, K, and Na ions (base forming ions), while acid soil have more acid forming elements such as aluminium ions. ___________ Items & pH ________ Most acid soils 4. 0-6. 0 Lemon juice 2. 2-2. 4 Orange juice 3. 4-4. 0 Vinegar 4. 0-4. 5 Acid rain 3. 0-5. 0 Clean rain water 5. 5-5. 7 Fresh milk 6. 3-6. 6 Blood plasma 7. 0-7. 2 Mild soap solution 8. 5-10. 0 ____________________ The pH scale ranges from one to fourteen; a pH of 7 is neutral, above 7 acidity increases while below the neutral point alkalinity. | | |ACIDITY INCREASING | | |ALKALINITY | | | | | | | | |INCREASING | | | |1 |2 | |Nitrogen |Essential component of chlorophyll, promote growth especially leaves. | |Phosphorus |Important role in fruit and grain maturity, stimulates flowering, promote the development of | | |the root system. |Potassium |Carbohydrate formation and translocation, essential for the development of flowers, fruits | | |and seeds. | |Calcium |Occurs in the cell walls | |Sulphur |Formation of amino acid which forms protein | |Magnesium |Present in chlorophyll | |Micronutrients | | |Iron | |Sodium | | |Chlorine | | |Selenium | | |Manganese | | |Zinc | | |Copper | | |Molybdenum | | |Boron | | HOW THE SOIL HOLD PLANT NUTRIENTS? Cation exchange capacity (CEC) explains how the soil is able to hold cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, H+ and NH4+, which are in important for crop nutriti on. Clay and humus both have a net negative charge, so they give the soil the ability to attract cations. These ions will become attached to the soil complex (see diagram below). The CEC cation exchange value can be used in evaluating soil fertility. Soils with higher CEC are usually more fertile for example soil with high clay and or organic matter content. Anion such as sulphates, nitrates and phosphates are not attach to the soil particles therefore they are easily leached from the soil. HOW DOES CEC AFFECTS ABILITY OF THE SOIL TO BUFFER AGAINST pH CHANGES? [pic] MANAGING SOIL FERTILITY The soil is a very import resource in crop production. Therefore, it must be managed properly to ensure the best crop yield possible on a continuous basis. It is very important that we understand how the physical and chemical soil properties affect the fertility of soils FERTILIZERS Fertilizers are materials organic and inorganic which supply elements essential for the growth of plants Organic fertilizers Organic fertilizers are materials from animal waste and plant material which are used to supply plant nutrients. Examples of organic fertilizers; – Fresh animal manure – Sewage – Compost – Green manure Advantages of organic fertilizers †¢ Micro-organism breakdown organic, releasing nutrient slowly. Hence, nutrients are less likely to be wash out of the soil. †¢ Contains less nutrients per kg, therefore it has a low burn potential and less likely to pollute ground water and rivers. †¢ Contains natural growth factors, which are beneficial to crop plants. Disadvantages of organic fertilizers †¢ Nutrient content not precise depends on materials from which it is made †¢ Organic fertilizers have a low quantity of nutrient per kg it require relatively large quantity to be effective. This cause organic fertilizers to be bulky, making it more expensive to transport and difficult to apply. †¢ It may contain disease causing organism and/or weed seeds. Inorganic fertilizers These are inorganic salts containing elements required for plant growth manufactured from natural material or synthetic materials. Physical forms of fertilizers †¢ Salts †¢ Pellets †¢ Liquid Soluble forms of fertilizers †¢ Quick release – very soluble form †¢ Slow release – Fertilizer grade Commercial fertilizers are manufactured to contain a precise quantity. The is shown on the container by number which show the grade e. g. 14-28-14. What does 14 – 28 – 14 means? The fertilizer contains 14% N, 28% P and 14% k. A complete fertilizer contains N, P and K. Incomplete fertilizers supply one or two elements. Examples urea, triple super phosphates and murate of potash. Advantages of inorganic fertilizers †¢ The quantity of nutrient is known †¢ Concentrated source of nutrients †¢ Less bulky †¢ Nutrients are in a more available form, to be used by crops Disadvantages of inorganic fertilizers †¢ They have a high crop burn potential due to concentrated salts. †¢ Excessive use can easily pollute ground water and rivers †¢ Easily leached from the soil. †¢ Excessive use can cause soil to become saline [having too much salt] Practical activity Identifying types of fertilizers Methods of applying fertilizer †¢ Broad casting †¢ Placement -Circular banding – Row banding †¢ Foliar application †¢ Fertigation Importance of plant sexual reproduction in agriculture THINK OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MANGOES THAT YOU HAVE SEEN OR EATEN. What cause this variation in plants? How does variation in crops (cultivars) benefits agriculture? The flower ? A specialized shoot consisting of reproductive organs ? Structures are arranged in whorls ? A complete flower has four whorls WhorlsOrgans a. Calyx – sepals b. Corolla- petals c. Stamen – filament and anther d. Pistil – Stigma, style & ovary One or more of the structures may be absent( |STRUCTURES |Type of flower | | Calyx |Corolla |Stamen |Pistil | | |( |( |( |- |Staminate | |( |( |- |( |Pistillate | |( |( |( |( |Hermaphrodite | ? Some plants have bisexual flowers only e. g. tomatoes, while others such as cantaloupe, have mal e and female flowers on the same plant. Plants such as some cultivars of papaya have male and female on the different plants. ? In addition to reproduction, the flowers of some plants are eaten (broccoli and cauliflower), while many are used for its aesthetic value (anthurium rose and chrysanthemum). Pollination ? Transfer of pollens which contains the male gamete to the stigma ? Pollination is necessary for fertilization ? Fertilization is necessary for the development of true fruits and viable seeds Types of pollinations Self pollination ? Transfer of pollen within a flower or different flowers on the same plant ? Only one plant is involve therefore genetic variation will be reduce ? Plants produce tends to be more uniform in characteristics. Cross pollination ? Flower are on different plants ? Plants have the characteristics of both parent ? Increase variations e. g. ? Yield ? Shape ? Size ? Increase resistance to disease ? Colour ? Taste ? Important for producing new varieties of crop plants and to improve existing varieties ? Crossing plants of the same species that are not closely related can produce new varieties. The offspring produce are called Hybrids. ? Hybrids tend to perform better than both parents i. e. produce higher yield and are more resistant to pest and diseases. Diagram showing crosspollination [pic] Fertilization is the joining of the male and female gamete to produce an embryo. The male gamete is found in the pollen grain while the female gametes are present in the ovule. Diagram showing processes involved in seed and fruit formation. [pic] THINK ABOUT IT You may have eaten or head about seed fruits such as oranges and grades. How is possible for these fruits to be formed without seeds. Mas Joe says that the corns he harvested have ‘scattered grains’ i. e. does not have uniforms rows of corn seeds. He believes that this due to the fact that the worker talked a lot during the planting of the crop. Using your scientific knowledge explain to him the true reason why his corns are ‘ scattered grains’ [pic][pic]